Medical Research link Smoking to Cancer 1951

In 1950, Sir Richard Doll was the first scientist to prove a link between smoking and lung cancer. Sir Richard Doll began to investigate tar on the roads believing that maybe it was the cause of lung cancer. He and his colleagues interviewed 700 lung cancer patients to try to identify a link. "It was not long before it became clear that cigarette smoking may be to blame". In 1951, he co-authored a paper that suggested the link, and three years later, he wrote another paper that proved it. It wasn't until 1954, that people began to take notice of the link too. Sir Richard Doll was a smoker as well, but quit 2/3 of the way through his study. Doll said "I don't mind in the least if someone in the room lights up a cigarette, It's their decision and their life,not mine".

Richard Doll was appinted OBE in 1956, and was knighted in 1971. He recieved honorary degrees from 13 universities, and won countless awards, including the UN Award for Cancer Research in 1962. It was Richard Doll's researched that showed people that smokers were more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers. In 1954, 80% of British adults smoked, 50 years laters its now down to 26 percent.

Written By:Angela B.

President Truman Autorized H-Bomb 1950

President Truman had barley begun his presidency with the death of Roosevelt, when he reveirved word of the successful test of an atomic bomb. This put Truman in a ultimatum to have Japan surrender or they would have to suffer "utter devastation". Japan did not head warning, and Truman was faced with the fact that 500,000 Americans might be killed if they invaded Japan. Leaving Truman with no other choice, he authorized the dropping of atomic bombs first in the city of Hiroshima on August 6, and then on Nagasaki on August 9. The bombs killed more than 100,00 men, woman and children. Japan surrendered on August 14,1945.

Written By:Angela B.

Eisenhower sends federal troops to Little Rock, to force segregation 1957

A crisis broke out in Little Rock, Arkansas. When Governer Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent entry to nine African American students who had sued for the right to attend and intergrated school, Cental High School. Only 1 of the nine students showed up on the first day of school because she did not recieve the phone call about how dangerous it would be going to school. She was harassed by protesters outside the school, and police had to escort her in order to protect her. From then on the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel.

President Eisenhower was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal court. He the deployed the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students.

Written By:Angela B.

Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899. He was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois.He worked as a reporter for a few months after he left high school. Before leaving for Italy to become an ambulance driver during World War 1, which became a novel "A Farewell to Arms" . He was seriously injured and returned home. He was married four times to wife Hadley Richardson, to whom he was married to when he published his first novel " The Sun Also Rises".

He then married Pauline Pfeiffer, and then divorced and wrote " For Whom The Bell Tolls". He then married Martha Gellhom but they weren't together for long befor he married Mary Welsh Hemingway after World War 2. After publishing "The Old Man and the Sea" in 1952, Hemingway wen on a safari in Africa where he was almost killed in a plane crash. The crash which he never really recovered from left him in pain and ill for the rest of his life. During that timed he was living in Cuba, and in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Idaho. He died on July 1,1961 from suicide.

Ernest Hemingway was known for his works of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, two non-fiction works, three more novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works that were published after his death. His public image was that of his distinctive writting style known as the "Iceberg Theory". He published alot of his work from the mid 20's and through the 50's. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.

Written By:Angela B.

Ray Kroc

Raymond "Ray" Albert Kroc was born on October 5,1902 in Chicago,Illinois. He grew up and spent most of his life in Oak Park, Illinois. During World War 1 he trained to be an ambulance driver, but before he could see any action the war ended. He had several jobs during the 1950's, paper-cup salesman,pianist, jazz musician, band memeber,even at at radio station. Later on in life he became a multi-mixer milkshake machine salesman who traveled across the country.

Kroc later on partnered up with the McDonald brothers and open and franchise McDonald's restaurants. In 1961, he eventually purchased the company from them. Ray Kroc created a new kind of fast food. He implemented many idea's to his restaurants to improve sales of hamburgers. Including the Ronald McDonald figure. Which later on started the Ronald McDonald House Foundation.

Ray Kroc was married three times in his life, once to Ethel Fleming, and Jane Dobbins Green and then finally to Joan B. Kroc. Toward the end of his life, he had to use a mobility aid to get around. Ray Kroc died at the age of 81 on January 14, 1984 from heart failure in San Diego, California.

Written By:Angela B.

The H-Bomb 1950

When the Soviets successfully started testing their own nuclear weapons, the United States began its production of uranium and plutonium. By 1950, President Turman announced that the United States would continue research and begin the development of "atomic weapons". Scientist who were working for the Manhattan Project had two designs ready for an atomic bomb. They eventually chose to create a fission bomb ,but time did not permit them. Then physicist, Edward Teller, suggested the creation of a hydrogen bomb. With the results being many times more powerful and destructive than a fission bomb.

On November 1, 1952, the United States released the first hydrogen bomb, code-named "Mike", on Bikini Atoll of the Marshall Islands. The results of the explosion was the same as 10 million tons of TNT, and 700 times more greater than the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The explosion left a great big crater with a cloud of 25 miles high and 100 miles wide. And the island itself disappeared.

Written By: Angela B.

Color TV introduced 1951

In 1940 CBS researches Peter Goldmark invented the colored TV. Colored television became a success by 1949, 10 million sets were sold. In 1946, then, RCA committed to developing an all-electronic system designed to the same reception standards. Those factors provided RCA with the time to design a better color television, which they based on the 1947 patent application of Alfred Schroeder, for a shadow mask CRT. Their system passed FCC approval in late 1953 and sales of RCA color televisons began in 1954. In 1946, then, RCA committed to developing an all-electronic system designed to the same reception standards enjoyed on monochrome sets.

Written By:Christina E.